Choosing a tourist destination is a complex process and could be affected by various factors. Some of these factors depend on the destination and its characteristics. Recognizing the characteristics of the destination can guide stakeholders in the tourism industry to have a better view of the target markets and plan according to the tastes of the target market Tourists. The present field study aimed at identifying the factors influencing the choice of Iran as a tourist destination from the perspective of French Tourists who traveled to Iran in 2018. From this population, 385 Tourists were selected using Cochran's formula. Their viewpoints were gathered using an online questionnaire. The results of the t-test showed that French Tourists were more willing to communicate with the local community. It has also been shown that exchange rates and reasonable costs have played a major role alongside attractive Iranian hospitality. On the other hand, international problems arising from obtaining Iranian visas, inadequate roadside services, and cultural and religious restrictions were among the repulsive factors. Finally, using the Kendall test, we showed that the change in the attitude of Tourists after the trip and encouraging their friends to travel to Iran have a significant correlation. Methodology The statistical population of this study was French Tourists who traveled to Iran in 2018 for the purpose of cultural tourism. According to the statistical data of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts (MCTH), the number of these Tourists in that year was 43, 216. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 0. 05 was used. Then, 385 Tourists were selected as the sample size. Some support has also been received from two travel agencies, Clio and Intermed in France, which are active in the field of cultural tourism. Contact with French cultural Tourists was not difficult since one of the researchers was a French-language cultural tourism guide. Due to his 10-years of experience with French cultural Tourists, he has been in contact with many Tourists who have traveled to Iran for cultural purposes. For this reason, the researcher had contact with around 100 Tourists who had traveled to Iran in 2018. The rest of the sample members were introduced to the researcher through the two above-mentioned agencies. To collect the data for this study, a survey method was used. As shown in the theoretical foundations of the research, the motivation for traveling to Iran as a tourist destination was considered. In addition, the metrics of contextual variables including characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupation, religion, and the destination image were considered as the potential factors affecting Tourists’ behaviors. All these measures have been studied through a research questionnaire. It was used to collect the data online. Discussion French Tourists incoming to Iran have some difficulties in terms of obeying religious laws and observing the hijab. Therefore, the factor of religion is a strong repulsive factor for young Tourists and less repulsive for older Tourists because older Tourists have accepted it as an Islamic norm. More than half of the Tourists were women. Thus, gender also acted as a repulsive factor in terms of observing the hijab, especially for younger women. On the other hand, the high average age of Tourists necessitates the improvement of infrastructures and facilities for older Tourists. For example, the welfare services around the attractions roads were considered a repulsive factor, which caused many problems for the Tourists of any age. For this reason, service complexes of high quality should be provided around all tourist attractions. Most of the Tourists surveyed also stated that they earn more than 25, 000 euros a year. Most of them have stayed in 4-or 5-star hotels and showed a high degree of satisfaction, which is partially in line with international standards. Conclusion In summary, the results showed that despite the negative effect of sanctions, hotels have been able to provide services to Tourists with high quality in Iran's tourist destinations. In addition, Tourists tend to communicate with the local community and enjoy cultural diversity. Indeed, by providing some training courses to the Iranian local communities, they can be prepared for better interaction with Tourists. Working on their language level is also a determining factor. Another repulsive factor was inactivity in the field of advertising. This issue, which has different types and forms, can be less expensive, easier, and more effective to improve today than in the past. One of the advertising types that can be easily done today is awareness through websites and virtual networks. Most Tourists use websites for gathering relevant information. However, Iran has not been able to have a standard tourism database. Social media can also attract and reassure many Tourists by shortening the relationship between consumers and suppliers of various goods and services and eliminating negative images such as insecurity. The mental image of Tourists towards the destination before the trip was not very clear and desirable, while they have stated that their mental image of Iran after the trip has changed dramatically.

Background and Objective: The space tourism and commercialization of outer space requires protection of the intellectual property rights of inventions, literary and artistic works that can be done on the deck of the International Space Station. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of extending the provisions of existing intellectual property documents to space tourism.Findings and Results: This study by using descriptive-analytical method of research is about to answers this question, what are the legal solutions to protect the intellectual property rights of Tourists according to the current space documents in the ISS.Background and Objective: According to the studies done, the 1998 agreement, with explicit reference to Article 2 of the Stockholm Convention is about to protect this right. Therefore, any partner that registers the site of achieving this innovative work, can protect this right as have jurisdiction due to Article 8 of the OST. This support is slightly different for the European partners.

The close relationship between spelling and writing has led us to study Mahvash Ghavimi’ s works as a part of studies done at the Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, and we review and criticize two educational and academic works entitled "The French Spelling Guide" and "The French Writing Guidelines", published by the University Publication Center. The present article has tried to take a brief look at the emergence and evolution of spelling before paying attention to the role of dictation in learning French language spelling and its connection with writing skill. The study of the content and especially the exercises that the authors have included in these two books has allowed this research to reveal the approach of the authors of the books in language teaching by determining the type of exercises, and also there are some strategies suggested in order to correct, improve and update them. The main goal of the authors in these two books is to teach the basics of French spelling in a very prescriptive way in the first book, and in the second one, it refers to sentence construction and its constituent elements to be learned by bachelor students of French language and literature and French language translation.

Background & Aim: Although socio-economic variables are widely used for describing the tourist’s behavior, but increasing awareness is evident in current researches that personality characteristics might also be useful for that purpose. In this regard, the present study compares the personality characteristics of Iranian Tourists with those of non Tourists.Method and Materials: In a causal comparative study, 150 Tourists and 150 non Tourists were selected through an accessible sampling method. They were then administered NEO- Five Factor Inventory and of Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V (SSS-V). Data were analyzed using independent t-student test and MANOVA.Results: The findings indicated that the two groups were significantly different regarding the sensation seeking, extroversion and openness characteristics (P < 0.0001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding other personality characteristics (i.e. neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness).Conclusion: The findings provide empirical support for the proposition that personality characteristics may influence tourism.

Tourist destinations and their societies are seeking to find new ways for competition in tourism market; as one of these ways, night tourism has been considered in recent years. Shiraz city with variety of attractions is one of the main tourist destination in Iran and has notable potentials for night tourism development. The aim of this paper was to investigate desirability of urban night tourism from Shiraz Tourists’ viewpoints. Research statistical population was those Tourists who arrived in Shiraz city in March 2017 and stayed there at least for three nights. Sample size was 400 and needed data was gathered through questionnaire. The questionnaire included three parts including general attributes of Tourists, Tourists’ viewpoint about nighttime desirability of city environment and tourist attractions, and Tourists’ viewpoint about importance of environment and tourist attractions for night tourism development. Statistical methods of Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Friedman test, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Simple and multiple regression and SPSS software were applied for analyzing of data and testing hypotheses. Results showed that among urban nighttime environment criteria, the criteria of weather condition and night city beauty were more desirable for Tourists. Among different attractions, historical monuments were the most desirable, and nighttime desirability of cultural attractions, gardens and parks, recreational spaces and religious places ranked second. 30. 9 percent of variance of tourist satisfaction’ was explained by variances of ‘ environment desirability’ and ‘ nighttime tourism attractions’ , and 54. 4 percent of variance of tourist loyalty was explained by variance of tourist satisfaction.

Today, in order to improve the quality of foreign language teaching, methods profit from a lot of educational diversity. « Lesson zero » in French teaching methods is one of these innovations. Although this lesson, seems, at first glance, insignificant in the first pages of French teaching methods, it is considered from the point of view of many teaching specialists a powerful point, the dual educational points such as teacher and language learner benefit from it at the beginning of the task. On the other hand, one of the educational strategies in « Lesson Zero » is to use common words (loanwords). These words are semantically very close to the first language of the learner and it seems that the existence of this type of words is institutionalized in lesson zero. The remarkable thing about these words is that presenting these words at the beginning of French language methods, apart from raising the range of language words, pursues various educational goals. This article examines three groups of French language teaching methods: child, adolescent and adult methods, focusing on providing a variety of such terms in these methods. We examine the educational reasons for using these common words in educational methods, by the means of an analyticaldescriptive approach. In this article, we will see that the presence of these words in parallel with the related educational exercises have significantly increased the educational quality of the « Zero Lesson » in the French teaching methods.

Therapeutic tourism is one of the most growing sectors of the tourism industry. Since the 1990s, because of several factors such as changes in consumer values, aging of population, the demands of the health services system, and other factors this kind of tourism has expanded and strengthened. Also, because of its benefits and advantages, therapeutic tourism has been the focus of much attention recently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capabilities of Ahwaz in attracting foreign therapeutic Tourists. Based on its nature and methodology, this study was descriptive and analytical; and based on its purpose, it was an applied one. The statistical population of this study consisted of therapeutic Tourists, specialists and experts in the field of medical treatment. Using Cochran formula the sample size was determined to be 150 people. The sample of study included 100 therapeutic Tourists and 50 specialists. In order to collect information, two researcher-made questionnaires were used. Using Cronbach's alpha, their reliability scores were calculated 0. 71 for specialists and experts’ questionnaire and 0. 85 for Tourists’ one. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The AHP method was used to rank the factors affecting the development of therapeutic tourism in Ahvaz. The results indicated that the health, services and welfare infrastructures in Ahwaz were sufficient to satisfy the Tourists’ needs and this shows their high satisfaction with these infrastructures, but from the viewpoints of specialists and experts the infrastructures are not sufficient. To determine the decision making options, factors affecting the development of therapeutic tourism, medical resources, traveling services and marketing were considered.

The information and data required for the research were collected using documentary and field methods. The statistical population includes creative cultural Tourists in Isfahan. Using the Cochran's sample estimation formula, the number and sample size of the study population was 385. In order to analyze the data, Excel, SPSS software and Chi-square or Chi-square, univariate, Spearman statistical tests and also to determine strategies and strategies for the development of creative cultural tourism, SWOT model has been used. Research findings indicate that the characteristics and richness of historical monuments; cultural; social; scientific; Handicrafts; Natural art and. . . are among the tourist attractions of Isfahan so that creative cultural tourism has a great impact on attracting Tourists to this famous city. However, repulsions and lack of facilities related to the creative cultural tourism industry of Isfahan also reduce and do not increase the number of Tourists, which in general leads to the weakness of infrastructure facilities for the underdevelopment of cultural tourism. Using the SWOT model, the results showed that the city of Isfahan with a total of 20 strengths and opportunities with a weight score of 3. 33 and 3. 41, respectively, as advantages, many potentials for the development of creative cultural tourism. But at the same time, 18 weaknesses and threats facing this creative cultural tourism of Isfahan with weight scores of 3. 86 and 3. 21, respectively, as limitations show that it also faces challenges and problems.

Tourism industry of the third millennium is known as the third highly clean tourism. The growth of the tourism industry depends on conditions in which tourism exists. The most important factors for tourism development are increasing the quality of services, and facilities for Tourists. In order to attract Tourists their satisfaction of the tourist centers must be achieved. For this reason the researchers chose Ghorveh due to its attractions for Tourists. The research method was descriptive- analytical. There were 200 samples in the study Data were collected through library and field studies. After entering the obtained data in SPSS software T-test and Pearson correlation were run. The results indicated that the quality of tourism services and facilities was high in the middle. The entire t showed that the quality of services and facilities were not satisfactory, but too moderate. The average quality index of the host community was at most 4.24. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the quality of services and facilities had positive relationship with the satisfaction of Tourists. Also there was a positive relationship between tourist’s attraction and satisfaction the correlation of which was estimated 0.0753. The results showed that building suitable hotels and providing facilities for Tourists can be a factor for their satisfaction and attracting them to visit Ghorveh.

Responsible tourism is a type of tourism that aims to create good tourism opportunities through optimal use of holidays, improved quality of life for residents, socio-economic benefits and the protection of natural resources. This concept has emerged, having identified its importance to create and enhance business opportunities in the tourism sector. This article focuses on the attitudes of consumers of tourism products towards sustainable tourism in Three tourist destinations of northern Iran (Babolsar, Lahijan and Sareyn(. First, the typology of all types of Tourists was carried out using Cohen's institutional model and its adaptations for Iran and Tourists have been divided into three institutional, semi-institutional and non-institutional groups. Then, their level of responsibility in daily consumption, towards the community and the environment was evaluated. A sample of 386 people was selected using the Cochran formula. For data analysis, factor analysis and ANOVA testing were used. The results of the research show that, Institutional Tourists, have the greatest sense of responsibility towards local communities and the environment. The semi-institutional group, is below 3. And the third group, non-institutional Tourists, has little respect for the rights of local communities and the environment.